Stephen R. Ellis

NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field CA 94035-1000

Email: silly@eos.arc.nasa.gov, sellis@mail.arc.nasa.gov
Office: (650) 604-6147
FAX: (650) 604-3729

Biography
Dr. Stephen R. Ellis is the Head of the Advanced Displays and Spatial Perception Laboratory in the Human and Systems Technologies Branch of the Flight Management and Human Factors Division of the NASA Ames Research Center. Dr. Ellis received a Ph.D. (1974) from McGill University in Psychology after receiving a A.B. in Behavioral Science from U.C. Berkeley. He has had postdoctoral fellowships in Physiological Optics at Brown University and U.C. Berkeley. He has published extensively in the area of formats for presenting spatial information, with over 100 journal publications and formal reports, and has recently edited a book, Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments, (Taylor and Francis, London 1991, 1993 2nd ed.).

Dr. Ellis has worked at Ames since 1978, first as a National Research Council associate and subsequently as a civil servant.

Through his affiliation with the Optometry School at U.C. Berkeley as a researcher and Clinical Professor, he has been involved in the development and testing of several influential display concepts for spatial displays for aircraft and spacecraft. Some of these displays have been utilized by domestic aerospace contractors and by foreign government research laboratories.

Dr. Ellis has received group achievement awards from the Meckler organization for his research group's work on human interfaces to virtual environments and the University Medal fro Kyushu Sangyo University in Japan. More recently, Dr. Ellis has been involved with the development and evaluation of closed and see-through head-referenced systems for personal simulators and head-mounted information displays, so-called virtual reality and augmented reality displays.

Publications by Year
2003
 B. D. Adelstein, T. G. Lee, & S. R. Ellis (2003) Head Tracking Latency in Virtual Environments: Psychophysics and a Model, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting-2003

2002
  S. R. Ellis (2002) Kinesthetic Compensation for Misalignment of Teleoperator Controls Through Cross-Modal transfer of Movement Coordinates, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, October, 2002, Baltimore MD

2000
  S. R. Ellis (2000) Collision in Space: Human factors elements of the Mir Progress 234 collision, Ergonomics in Design: Winter, 2000.

 J. Y. Jung, B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (2000) Discriminability of Prediction Artifacts in a Time-Delayed Virtual Environment, Proceedings, 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (IEA 2000/HFES 2000), Santa Monica CA, 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 499-502.

J. W. McCandless, & S. R. Ellis (2000) Effect of eye position on the projected stimulus distance in a binocular head mounted display, Proceedings SPIE Conference 3957a

 J. W. McCandless, S. R. Ellis, & B. D. Adelstein (2000) Localization of a Time-Delayed, Monocular Virtual Object Superimposed on a Real Environment, Presence, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2000, 15–24

 S. R. Ellis (2000) On the Design of Perspective Displays, Proceedings, IEA 2000/HFES2000 44th Ann. Meeting Human Factors & Ergonomics Socierty

 J. Y. Yung, B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (2000) Predictive Compensator Optimization for Head Tracking Lag in Virtual Environments, Proceedings, IMAGE (Innovative Modeling and Advanced Generation of Environments) 2000, Scottsdale AZ, 2000, pp. 123-132.

 B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (2000) Rotation and Direction Judgment from Visual Images Head-Slaved in Two and Three Degrees-of-Freedom, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans. 30(2):165-173, 2000.

S. R. Ellis, B. D. Adelstein, & M. J. Young (2000) Studies and management of latency in virtual environments, Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Human and Computer, University ofAizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu City, Japan, September 2000, pp. 291-300

1999
 S. R. Ellis, M. J. Young, B. D. Adelstein, & S. M. Ehrlich (1999) Discrimination of Changes in Latency during Head Movement, Proceedings, Computer Human Interfaces, 1999, pp. 1129-1133.

 S. R. Ellis, M. J. Young, B. D. Adelstein, & S. M. Ehrlich (1999) Discrimination of Changes of Latency During Voluntary Hand Movement of Virtual Objects, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society September 27- October 2, 1999, Houston, Texas

S. R. Ellis (1999) Information displays, Encyclopedia of Psychology, American Psychological Association pp. xxxxxx.

B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (1999) Rotation and direction judgment from visual images, IEEE SMC Part A , 30, 2, 165173.127

 S. R. Ellis, B. D. Adelstein, S. Baulmer, G. J. Jense, & R. H. Jacoby (1999) Sensor Spatial Distortion, Visual Latency, and Update Rate Effects on 3D Tracking in Virtual Environments, Proceedings, IEEE Virtual Reality '99, Houston, TX, 1999, pp. 218-221.

J. W. McCandless, S. R. Ellis, & B. D. Adelstein (1999) The Effect of Accommodative Demand, Motion Parallax and Age on Virtual Object Localizations, Proceedings, 43rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica CA, September, 1999, pp.1328-1332.

1998
 D. R. Begault, S. R. Ellis, & E. M. Wenzel (1998) Headphone and Head Mounted Visual Displays for Virtual Environments, Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society 15th International Conference (Audio, Acoustics, and Small Spaces), Snekkersten, DK, 213-217.

 D. R. Begault, S. R. Ellis, & E. M. Wenzel (1998) Headphone and head-mounted visual displays for virtual environments, Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society 15th International Conference (Audio, Acoustics, and Small Spaces), Snekkersten, DK, 213-217.

J. W. McCandless, S. R. Ellis, & B. D. Adelstein (1998) Localization of a monocularly presented virtual object with delayed visual feedback, Proceedings, 42nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica CA, 1998, pp. 1595-1599.

 S. R. Ellis, & B. M. Menges (1998) Localization of virtual objects in the near visual field, Human Factors , 40, 3, 415431

S. R. Ellis, & B. M. Menges (1998) Operator Localization of Virtual Objects, Proceedings of MMM '98, Zürich, Switzerland, invited paper, pp. 174 183.

S. R. Ellis, & B. M. Menges (1998) Studies of the localization of virtual objects in the near visual field, Chapter 8 in Fundamentals of wearabke computers , W Barfield & T Caudell, eds. Hillsdale, N.J., Earlbaum.

1997
S. R. Ellis, F. Bréant, B. M. Menges, R. H. Jacoby, & B. D. Adelstein (1997) Factors Influencing Operator Interaction with Virtual Objects Viewed via Headmounted Seethrough Displays: viewing conditions and rendering latency, Proceedings VRAIS'97, IEEE Virtual Reality Annual Symposium, Albuquerque, NM, 1997, pp. 138-145.

P. J. Ballou, J. T. Burroughs, & S. R. Ellis (1997) Improving pilot dexterity with a telepresent ROV, Proceedings of Oceanology International '97 Pacific Rim, Singapore, May, 1997

S. R. Ellis, N. S. Dorighi, B. M. Menges, B. D. Adelstein, & R. H. Jacoby (1997) In search of equivalence classes in subjective scales of reality, Proceedings of HCI'97 International. San Francisco, CA. pp. 873-876

S. R. Ellis, N. S. Dorighi, B. M. Menges, B. D. Adelstein, & R. H. Jacoby (1997) In search of equivalence classes in subjective scales of reality, In M.J. Smith, G. Salvendy, and R.J. Koubec, eds., Design of Computing Systems, Advances in Human Factors Ergonomics, vol 21B, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 873-876

S. R. Ellis, B. M. Menges, R. H. Jacoby, B. D. Adelstein, & J. W. McCandless (1997) Influence of head motion on the judged distance of monocularly presented virtual objects, Proceeding of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM, HFES, Santa Monica CA, pp. 1234-1238.

S. R. Ellis, & B. M. Menges (1997) Judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field, Presence 6, 4, 452-460.

S. R. Ellis, F. Bréant, B. M. Menges, R. H. Jacoby, & B. D. Adelstein (1997) Operator Interaction with Virtual Objects: effect of system latency, In M.J. Smith, G. Salvendy, and R.J. Koubec, eds., Design of Computing Systems, Advances in Human Factors Ergonomics, vol 21B, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 973-976.

S. R. Ellis, F. Bréant, B. M. Menges, R. H. Jacoby, & B. D. Adelstein (1997) Operator interaction with virtual objects: effects of system latency, Proceedings of HCI'97 International. San Francisco, CA. pp. 973-976.

S. R. Ellis, D. R. Begault, & E. M. Wenzel (1997) Virtual Environments as Human-Computer Interfaces, In M. Helander (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., pp. 163-201.

1996
 B. D. Adelstein, E. R. Johnston, & S. R. Ellis (1996) Dynamic response of electromagnetic spatial displacement trackers, Dynamic response of electromagnetic spatial displacement trackers. Presence: Telepresence and Virtual Environments, 5(3):302-318, 1996.

S. R. Ellis, & B. M. Menges (1996) Effects of age on judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 40th Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, PA., pp 1197 1201. Reprinted in Rogers, Wendy. A. ed. (1997) Effects of age on the judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field In Designing for an aging population: Ten years of Human Factors/Ergonomics Research,, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA, pp .1519.

A. K. Noor, & S. R. Ellis (1996) Engineering in a virtual environment, Aerospace America, July, 32-37.

 R. H. Jacoby, B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (1996) Improved temporal response in virtual environments through system hardware and software reorganization, Proceedings of SPIE, 2653: Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III, 1996, pp.271-284

S. R. Ellis, F. Bréant, B. M. Menges, & B. D. Adelstein (1996) Viewing difficulties with head-mounted aids for mechanical assembly using virtual objects, Proceedings EFTA'96, 1996 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, Piscataway, NJ, 1996, pp. 418-422.

S. R. Ellis, B. François, B. M. Menges, & B. D. Adelstein (1996) Viewing difficulties with headmounted aids for mechanical assembly, Presented at the 5th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, November 1821, Kauai, Hawaii.

S. R. Ellis (1996) Virtual Environments and Environmental Instruments, Excerpts from Simulated and Virtual Realities, K. Carr and R. England, eds. Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 11-51, reproduced with permission.

1995
S. R. Ellis (1995) Human engineering in virtual environments, Virtual Reality World, '95 IDG Conferences & Fraunhofer Institutes IPA IAO, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 295-302.

S. R. Ellis, & B. M. Menges (1995) Judged distance to virtual objects in the near visual field, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 39th Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA, 1400-1404.

S. R. Ellis (1995) Origins and elements of virtual environments, In Virtual environments and advanced interface design, W. Barfield and T Furness, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1457.

A. J. Grunwald, A. Abramovitz, & S. R. Ellis (1995) Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Intelligent Systems for the 21st Century, IEEE International Conference on, vol.3 pp. 2318- 2323

S. R. Ellis, U. J. Bucher, & B. M. Menges (1995) The Relationship of Binocular Convergence and Errors in Judged Distance to Virtual Objects, Proceedings of the International Federation of Automatic Control June 27-29, 1995 Boston, Mass. pp. 297-301.

S. R. Ellis (1995) Virtual environments and environmental instruments, In Simulated and virtual realities, K. Carr and R. England, eds. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 1151.

1994
S. R. Ellis, & U. J. Bucher (1994) Distance perception of stereoscopically presented virtual objects superimposed by a head mounted see through display, Proceedings, 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica CA, 1994. pp. 1300-1305.

R. M. Satava, & S. R. Ellis (1994) Human interface technology: an essential tool for the modern surgeon, Surgical Endoscopy, 8, 817820.

K. Nemire, R. H. Jacoby, & S. R. Ellis (1994) Simulation fidelity of a virtual environment display, Human Factors, 36, 1, 7993

S. R. Ellis (1994) Virtual environments: new media for spatial information, Advances in Biophysical Chemistry, S. Bonting ed. 4, JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn., pp. 225-271.

  S. R. Ellis (1994) What are virtual environments?, IEEE: Computer Graphics & Applications, 14:1, 17-22, 1994.

1993
S. R. Ellis, & K. Nemire (1993) A subjective technique for calibration of lines of sight in closed virtual environment viewing systems, Society for Information Display, Seattle, Washington, May 16-21, 1993.

 A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1993) A visual display aid for orbital maneuvering: design considerations, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 16, 1, 139-144

 A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1993) A visual display aid for orbital maneuvering: Experimental Evaluation, Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamis, 16, 1, 145-150

K. Nemire, & S. R. Ellis (1993) Calibration and evaluation of virtual environment displays, Virtual Reality, 1993. Proceedings., IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in , 1993 pp. 33 40

B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (1993) Effect of headslaved roll compensation on remote situation awareness, Insight, 15,2, June 1993 14.

B. D. Adelstein, & S. R. Ellis (1993) Effect of headslaved visual image roll on spatial situation awareness, Proceedings, 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica CA, 1993, pp. 1350-1354.

A. R. Brody, S. R. Ellis, A. J. Grunwald, & R. Haines (1993) Interactive Displays for Trajectory Planning and Proximity Operations,, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 30, 4, 514518.

S. R. Ellis (1993) Nature and origin of virtual environments (updated), 3D Forum, 7,1, 3467

N. S. Dorighi, A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1993) Perspective format for a primary flight display (ADI) and its effect on pilot situation awareness: experimental results, Proceedings of the 37th Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, October 11-15 Seattle, Wash., pp. 88-92.

S. R. Ellis (1993) Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments, 2nd ed, 2nd ed. Taylor and Francis. London

S. R. Ellis (1993) Pictorial Communication: Pictures and the Synthetic Universe, Pictorial Communication in Virtual and Real Environments, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis: 1993

S. R. Ellis (1993) Review of Virtual Reality by Howard Rheingold, Ergonomics, 36, 6,74346

S. R. Ellis (1993) What are virtual environments?, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Reality and Teleexistence, Tokyo July 6-7, 1993, 8190.

1992
B. D. Adelstein, E. R. Johnston, & S. R. Ellis (1992) A testbed for characteristic dynamic response of virtual environment spatial sensors, Proceedings, UIST'92, Fifth Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM, New York, 1992, pp.15-22

H. Bernard, & S. R. Ellis (1992) A visual display aid for planning rover traversals, AIAA Space Programs and Technologies Conference, March 2427, 1992 Huntsville, AL. AIAA 921313, AIAA Washington D.C.

A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1992) Acceleration and Pulse Control in Simulated Spacecraft Docking Maneuvers, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 28, 6, 728-730.

S. R. Ellis, G. K. Tharp, A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Smith (1992) Exocentric judgments in real and virtual spaces, Proceedings of the Society for Information Display, Boston, Massachusetts, May 17-22, 1992.

A. R. Brody, R. H. Jacoby, & S. R. Ellis (1992) Extravehicular activity self rescue using a hand held thruster, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 29, 6, 842-848.

N. S. Dorighi, A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1992) Perspective format for a primary flight display and its effect on pilot situation awareness, Digital Avionics System Conference Oct 5-8, 1992, Seattle, Wash.

B. D. Adelstein, E. R. Johnston, & S. R. Ellis (1992) Spatial sensor lag in virtual environment systems, Proceedings, SPIE Conference on Telemanipulator Technology, Vol. 1833, Bellingham WA, 1992, pp. 187-198

S. R. Ellis (1992) The design of virtual spaces and virtual environments, Proceedings of the SPIE Technical Conference 16-66. February 10-13, 1992, San José, California.

S. R. Ellis, M. Tyler, W. S. Kim, & L. Stark (1992) Three dimensional tracking with misalignment between display and control axes, SAE Transactions: Journal of Aerospace, 1001, 985-989.

 R. H. Jacoby, & S. R. Ellis (1992) Using Virtual Menus in a Virtual Environment, SPIE: 1992

R. H. Jacoby, & S. R. Ellis (1992) Virtual menus, Proceedings of the SPIE Technical Conference 1666. February 10-13, 1992, San José, California.

1991
A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1991) A comparison of acceleration control and pulse control in simulated spacecraft docking maneuvers, 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV AIAA 910787, January, 1991.

A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1991) Design and evaluation of a visual display aid for orbital maneuvering, In Ellis, Stephen R. (ed.) Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments. Taylor and Francis. London. 207-231.

 S. R. Ellis, S. R. Smith, A. J. Grunwald, & M. W. McGreevy (1991) Direction Judgement error in computer generated displays and actual scenes, Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments. Taylor and Francis. London

N. Dorighi, A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1991) Evaluation of perspective displays on pilot spatial awareness in low visibility curved approaches, AIAA Computing in Aerospace Conference, October 21-24, 1991 Baltimore, MD.

S. R. Ellis, G. K. Tharp, A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Smith (1991) Exocentric judgments in real environments and stereoscopic displays, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, San Francisco, CA September 26, 1991

A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1991) Logistics and Operations Implications of Manual Control of Spacecraft, Proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/Society of Logistics Engineers Fourth Space Logistics Symposium, Cocoa Beach, FL.

A. R. Brody, R. H. Jacoby, & S. R. Ellis (1991) Man Overboard! What Next?, Proc. of the 42nd IAA IAA91584, in Space Safety and Rescue 1991, Science and technology series, 1993, G.W. Heath, ed. , vol. 82, 5969.

A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1991) Measurement of performance using acceleration control and pulse control in simulated spacecraft docking operations, Proceedings of Fifth Annual Workshop on Space Operations and Robotics, Johnson Space Center (SOAR '91), NASA Houston, Texas.

S. R. Ellis (1991) Nature and origin of virtual environments: a bibliographical essay, Computer Systems in Engineering , 2, 4, 321-347 Reprinted in Readings in Human Computer Interaction 2nd ed., Toward the Year 2000, Baeker, R.M., Grudin, J., Buxton, W.A.S. and Greenberg, S. eds. Morgan-Kaufman, San Francisco, 1995.

A. R. Brody, R. H. Jacoby, & S. R. Ellis (1991) Simulation of extravehicular activity (EVA) selfrescue, 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, California, July 15-18, 1991, SAE Technical Paper #911574.

S. R. Ellis, M. Tyler, W. S. Kim, & L. Stark (1991) Three dimensional tracking with misalignment between display and control axes, SAE Technical paper #911390, 21st International Conference on Environmental Systems, San Francisco, CA, July 15-18, 1991.

1990
A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1990) Effect of an Anomalous Thruster Input During a Simulated Docking Maneuver, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 27, (6) 630-633

L. Stark, S. R. Ellis, M. Hirose, W. S. Kim, A. Liu, C. Neveu, A. H. Nguyen, G. Tharp, & I. H. Yamashita (1990) Making a picture fit the eye: human engineering for computer graphics, Proceedings of Visualization '90 IEEE Cat No.90CH29132, 411-420

A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1990) Manual control aspects of space station docking maneuvers, 20th International Conference on Environmental Systems, SAE Technical Paper 901202, Williamsburg, VA , July, 1990

S. R. Ellis, & S. S. Hacisalihzade (1990) Symbolic enhancement of perspective displays, Proceedings of the 34rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 1465-1469

A. R. Brody, & S. R. Ellis (1990) The effect of initial velocity on ability to recover from an uncommanded thruster input during a simulated docking, 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA 900519, Reno, NV, January, 1990

1989
A. R. Brody, S. R. Ellis, A. J. Grunwald, & R. F. Haines (1989) Evaluation of interactive displays for trajectory planning and proximity operations, Digital Avionics Conference

S. R. Ellis, & A. J. Grunwald (1989) Headmounted spatial instruments II: synthetic reality or impossible dream, Proceedings of the NASA Conference on Space Telerobotics, January 31-February 2, 1989, Pasadena, CA JPL Publication 19897.

R. S. Weiss, R. W. Remington, & S. R. Ellis (1989) Sampling distributions of the entropy in visual scanning, Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences, 21, 348352.

S. R. Ellis, & A. J. Grunwald (1989) The dynamics of orbital maneuvering: design and evaluation of a visual display aid for human controllers, Proceedings of the AGARD FMP symposium on Space Vehicle Flight Mechanics. 13-16 November, 1989 Luxembourg, 291 2913

S. R. Ellis, & A. J. Grunwald (1989) Visions of visualization aids: design philosophy and observations, Proceedings of the SPIE OE/LASE '89, 1083, Symposium on three-dimensional visualization of scientific data. Los Angeles, CA. SPIE Bellingham. Washington, 220-227.

S. R. Ellis, S. Smith, & S. Hacisalihzade (1989) Visual direction as a metric of visual space, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 1392-1395

1988
W. S. Kim, F. Tendrick, S. R. Ellis, & L. Stark (1988) A comparison of position and rate control with consideration of manipulator system dynamics, IEEE J. of Robotics and Automation, 5, 426-436

S. R. Ellis, & A. J. Grunwald (1988) A visualization tool for planning orbital maneuvers for proximity operations: design philosophy and preliminary results, Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Manual Control. June 22-24, 1988, BBN Cambridge, Massachusetts

S. R. Ellis, & A. J. Grunwald (1988) Egocentric direction estimates in pictorial displays, Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Peking, China. IEEE CAT 88CH25569, 811.

S. R. Ellis, A. J. Grunwald, S. Smith, & M. Tyler (1988) Enhancement of manmachine communication: the human use of inhuman beings, Proceedings of IEEE CompCon88, February 29-March 4, 1988, San Francisco, CA.

A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1988) Interactive orbital proximity operations planning system, Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications, Israel.

A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1988) Interactive orbital proximity operations planning system, Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Peking, China., IEEE CAT 88CH25569, 1305-1312.

A. J. Grunwald, S. R. Ellis, & S. Smith (1988) Spatial orientation in pictorial displays, IEEE Trans. on Systems Man and Cybernetics , 18, 425-436.

1987
S. R. Ellis, S. Smith, & M. W. McGreevy (1987) Distortions of perceived visual directions out of pictures, Perception and Psychophysics, 42, 535-544.

S. R. Ellis, A. J. Grunwald, & M. Velger (1987) Headmounted spatial instruments: synthetic reality or impossible dream, Proceedings of the 1987 AGARD Symposium on Motion Cues in Flight Simulation and Simulator Induced Sickness. September 28-October 2, 1987, Brussels BE.

W. S. Kim, S. R. Ellis, B. Hanneford, M. Tyler, & L. Stark (1987) Quantitative evaluation of perspective and stereoscopic displays in three axis manual tracking tasks, IEEE Trans. on System Man and Cybernetics, SMC17, 6171.

1986
A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1986) Spatial orientation by familiarity cues, Training, human decision making, and control. J. Patrick and K.D. Duncan, eds., Elsevier, North Holland. 257-279.

A. J. Grunwald, & S. R. Ellis (1986) Spatial orientation by familiarity cues, Proceedings of the 6th European Annual Conference on Manual Control, June, 1986, University of Keele, Great Britain

A. J. Grunwald, S. R. Ellis, & S. Smith (1986) Spatial orientation in pictorial displays, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Manual Control, July, 1986, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio

M. W. McGreevy, C. Ratzlaff, & S. R. Ellis (1986) Virtual space and two-dimensional effects in perspective displays, August, 1986, (submitted for publication).

1985
S. R. Ellis, & J. D. Smith (1985) Patterns of statistical dependency in visual scanning, Eye Movements and Human Information Processing, Groner, R., McConkie, G. W., and Menz, C. (eds) Amsterdam, North Holland Press, pp. 221-238.

M. W. McGreevy, C. Ratzlaff, & S. R. Ellis (1985) Virtual space and two-dimensional effects in perspective displays, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Manual Control. June, 1985.

S. R. Ellis, W. S. Kim, M. Tyler, M. W. McGreevy, & L. Stark (1985) Visual enhancements for perspective displays: perspective parameters, Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics. IEEE Catalog #85CH22533, 815818.

W. S. Kim, S. R. Ellis, M. Tyler, & L. Stark (1985) Visual enhancements for telerobotics: perspective parameters, Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics. IEEE Catalog # 85CH22533, 807-812.

1984
M. W. McGreevy, & S. R. Ellis (1984) Direction judgment errors in perspective displays, Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Manual Control. June 12 14, 1984, Ames Research Center, NASA Conference Publication 2341, pp. 531-550

S. R. Ellis, M. W. McGreevy, & R. Hitchcock (1984) Influence of a perspective cockpit traffic display format on pilot avoidance maneuvers, Proceedings of AGARD Conference on Human Factors Considerations in High performance aircraft, May, 1984, AGARD Paris, 161 1611.

J. D. Smith, & S. R. Ellis (1984) Perceived threat and avoidance maneuvers in response to cockpit traffic displays, Human Factors, 26, 33-48

1983
S. R. Ellis, & M. W. McGreevy (1983) Influence of perspective cockpit display format on pilot avoidance maneuvers, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA.

E. A. Palmer, & S. R. Ellis (1983) Interactions of collision avoidance advisories and cockpit displays of traffic information, 1983 SAE Aerospace Congress and Exposition, October 3-6, 1983.

S. R. Ellis (1983) Maneuver decisions while viewing cockpit traffic displays, Proceedings of the Conference for Safety Issues in Air Traffic Systems Planning and Design, Dept. of Civil Engineering Princeton University, September 26-28, 1983.

1982
J. D. Smith, & S. R. Ellis (1982) Avoidance maneuvers selected while viewing cockpit traffic displays, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 772-776.

S. R. Ellis (1982) Contingency in visual scanning, Presented at the Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA., 1005-1009.

1981
S. R. Ellis, & L. Stark (1981) Pilot scanning while viewing cockpit displays of traffic information, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Manual Control, JPL Publication 81-95, University of California, Los Angeles, June 16-18, 1981.

L. Stark, & S. R. Ellis (1981) Scanpaths revisited: cognitive hypothesis direct active looking, Eye Movements and Psychological Processes, Senders, J.W., Fisher, D., and Monty, R.A. (eds.), Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 192-226, 1981.

1979
S. R. Ellis, J. Wong, & L. Stark (1979) Absence of accommodation response during perceptual reversals of Necker cubes, Vision Research, 19, 953-955.

L. Stark, S. R. Ellis, H. Inoue, C. Freksa, L. Portnoy, & J. Zeevi (1979) Cognitive models direct scanpath eye movements, Cognitive models direct scanpath eye movements. XII International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Jerusalem, Israel, August 19-24, 1979.

S. R. Ellis, & L. Stark (1979) Reply to Piggins, Perception, 8, 72-122.

1978
S. R. Ellis, & L. Stark (1978) Eye movements while viewing Necker cubes, Perception, 7, 575-581.

1977
S. R. Ellis (1977) Orientation selectivity of the McCollough effect: analysis by equivalent contrast transformation, Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 534-544.

1976
S. R. Ellis (1976) Orientation constancy of the McCollough effect, Perception and Psychophysics, 19, 183-192

1975
S. R. Ellis (1975) Fragmentation of fixated linestimuli as a function of gravitational orientation, Perception and Psychophysics, 17, 601-606.

K. D. White, & S. R. Ellis (1975) McCollough effect: pattern alternation rate influences establishment, Optical Society of America meeting, 1975, Abstract in Journal of the Optical Society of America, 65, 1200.
Curator: Mitch Clapp
NASA Official: Steve Ellis

Advanced Displays and Spatial Perception Laboratory
Human Information Processing Research Branch
Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000